Q. What is Internet? What are various applications
of Internet?
Ans:-
Internet
is the network of networks. It links
computers of every model and operating system together to facilitates the
sharing of information. The variety of
information served, varies from the current research documents to the latest
sports and news features. The term
internet can be thought of as shorthand for INTERconnected NETworks.
APPLICATIONS
OF INTERNET
One
can find many applications on the internet.
Some of the important current strategic uses are given below:
1. On-line communication
E-Mail and chatting is extensively used now-a-days
around the world to communicate with each other.
2. On-line Shopping
On-line shopping is also becoming very popular. Many people instead of going round and
wasting their precious time in shopping just sjsdjdjf on the system and place
the order for the require stuff.
3. Video Conferencing
A new emerging service on the Internet which allows a
group of users located in different parts of the world to communicate with each
other as if they re sitting in a single room.
In this way one can discuss any topic sitting anywhere in the world.
4. Advertising and Publishing
The Internet has become the first global venue for
advertising and publishing information.
5. Product Promotion
Internet is the cheapest means to promote ones product
6. Technical Support/Customer Support Service
One can get technical support for product one is
using. Many organizations provides
customer support.
7. Feedback
Commercial organizations are using Internet to gather
customer satisfaction o existing products, market opportunities of new
products, and ideas for new products.
8. Online Registration and Examination
Many universities and institutions provide training
and also online enrolment forms.
Some companies like Thompson prometric, VUE provides
online examination for the various products of software & hardware.
9. Software Sharing
Many software developing organizations provides trial
software versions on the Internet.
10. Group Discussion
A number of Newsgroups are available on the Internet
which allows to exchange views on topics of common interest.
Q. Write a short note on the following:-
i. Web Browser
ii. World Wide Web
iii. Internet Protocol
Ans:-
WEB BROWSER
A software
application that provides a graphical view of the Internet is called a Web
Browser.
A Web Browser interprets the markup of files in HTML,
formats them into We pages, and displays them to the end user. Some browsers also permit end users to send
and receive e-mail, read newsgroups, and play sound or video files embedded in
Web documents.
Web browser give you access to Web sits, which
comprise Web pages. A Web page may
contain text, graphics, animations, sounds, movies and a variety of interactive
elements. A Web browser makes it easy to
navigate (or “surf”) the Web and to download items. Some of the popular Web browsers are:
1. Microsoft Internet Explorer
It is Microsoft a new browser Internet Explorer, also as Explorer. Explorer runs on all version of Windows
operating system, and Macintosh.
2. Netscape Navigator
Netscape navigator is available for Windows,
Macintosh, and for many different versions of UNIX running the X Window System.
3. Lynx
Lynx is an excellent browse for text-only Internet
connections such as dial-up UNIX accounts.
Lynx gives you nothing but the text and the links.
4. Mosaic
Mosaic was the first full-color graphical
browser. ncSA Mosaic is free or personal
use and comes in versions for Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX (the X Window
System).
5. Google Chrome
Google Chrome is very popular Net Browser and goes popular day by day. It is launched by Google at Sep. 2, 2008.
6. Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is yet another very famous Net Browser. Launched in Sep. 23, 2002.
7. Opera
Opera is another famous Net Browser used across the world.Launched in April 10, 1995.
Most major browsers offer a number of toolbar buttons to help you
navigate the Web. The exact names and
functions of these various buttons vary from browser to browser, but the
most-used buttons are usually the same.
Given below are the name and functions of the common buttons.
WWW
(WORLD WIDE WEB)
A system for exploring the Internet by
using hyperlinks. When you use a web
browser, the web appears as a collection of text, pictures, sounds, and digital
movies.
The
World Wide Web was developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee of the European Particle
Physics Lab (CERN) in Switzerland
The
World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW or W3) is probably the most popular
place to be on the Internet. It is the
factor most responsible for the huge growth of the Internet. The World Wide Web is an easy to use method
for storing and retrieving the information that resides on systems in the
Internet. Three developments fueled the
growth of the Web:
·
Hypertext – the
ability to link to other documents.
·
Hypermedia – the
ability to include text, audio, video, images and graphics in a document.
·
Graphical (GUI)
Browsers to view the Hypertext/Hypermedia documents.
W3
is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several
Internet protocols on a single interface.
Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on
the Web. This includes e-mail FTP,
Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to
these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
or HTTP.
The
operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its mean of information
retrieval. hypertext is a document
containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are
selectable by the user. A single
hypertext document can contain links to many documents,. In the context of the Web, words or graphics
may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may to follow a logical path, as
each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual
web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and
sounds.
Producing
hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a languages
called Hyper
Text Markup Language, or HTML With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). led by Web founder Time Berners-Lee. Coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.
Text Markup Language, or HTML With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). led by Web founder Time Berners-Lee. Coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.
The
WWW uses special software called a Browser (client) and TCP/IP, HTTP and a Web
Server to function.
· TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the communication protocol
used by the Internet and is a must for the World Wide Web to function.
·
HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol) is a protocol which makes the communication possible between
the Web Server and a Web Browser. It is
the protocol used to transfer information over the WWW.
·
Web Server is a
special software, which runs on a computer and responds to requests made by
other computers on the network.
·
A Web Browser is
a special software application that provides a graphical view of the Internet.
MECHANISM
OF WWW
The
WWW is based on three mechanisms that are uses to make resources available to
users. These are:
·
Protocols
Protocols are
the standard to be followed for communication.
The computers on a network have to be able to talk to
each other. To do that they use
protocols that are just the rules or agreements on how to communicate. HyperText Transfer Protocol (http) is the
protocol used by the Internet.
·
Addresses
The WWW
follows a uniform naming scheme to access resources on the Web called URL
(Uniform Resource Locator).
This addressing system is used to identify pages and
resources on the Web. An Internet or Web
address (called as URL, or Uniform Resource Locator) typically is composed of
four parts:
·
A protocol name
(a protocol is a set of rules and standards that enable computers to exchange
information)
·
The location of
the site
·
The name of the
organization that maintains the site
·
A suffix that
identifies the kind of organization it is (such a .com for a commercial
organization)
For example, the address http://www.zking.in.in provides the following information:
http This Web
sever uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
www This site
is one the World Wide Web.
ZKing This
is the name of the site i.e. host name
in stands for
country location India
When you are viewing a Web page, the page’s address
appears in the Address bar in Internet Explorer.
·
HTML
Hyper Text
Markup Language is used to create web pages that can be accessed over the Web.
The HTML document is created using the HTML tags and
elements. The file is saved with the .htm or .html file name extension on the Web Server. The Client Browser sends a request for a page
to the Web Server using the URL of the page.
The Server processes the request and sends back the requested HTML
document. The document is displayed in
the browser or client.
Further the programming languages such as Java,
JavaScript, Visual Basic. Cold Fusion
and XML re extending the capabilities of the Web.
Q. What is E-Commerce? What is the frame work
of E-Commerce? Also describe the advantage and disadvantages of E-Commerce.
What are security concern with E-Commerce?
Ans:-
E-COMMERCE
e-Commerce, or Electronic Commerce, is a
general term for any type of business, or commercial transaction, that involves
the transfer of information across the Internet.
Electronic
Commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and this growth is
forecast to continue or even accelerate.
E-Commerce is associated with the buying and selling of information,
products and services via computer networks.
It is a new way of conducting, managing and executing business
transactions using computer and telecommunication network.
Essentially,
doing business on the Web can be broken down into five main requirements.
·
On-Line Store
The
obvious requirement is an on-line store, or commerce-enabled Web site where
goods or services can be described and selected.
·
Payment
Processing
While
it is possible to run an on-line store without accepting on-line payments, this
is cumbersome and rarely successful.
Accepting on-line payments is therefore essential – and at the moment
this means credit cards.
·
Shipping/Order
Fulfillment
You’re
made your sale and now you’ve got to deliver the goods. Just package them up and ship them off.
·
Customer Service
Support,
Complaints, Returns – the biggest complaint about E-Commerce is the poor level
of customer service in the event of problems.
·
Promotion
Even
if you do everything else right, without successful promotion your on-line
business will fail.
TECHNOLOGIES
OF E-COMMERCE
Many
technologies can fit within the definition of E-Commerce, the most important
ones are as follows:
·
Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI)
EDI
is the computer to computer exchange of structured information in a standard
electronic format. Information stored on
one computer is translated by software programs into standard ED format for
transmission to one or more trading partners.
The trading partners computers, in turn, translate the information using
software into a form they can understand.
EDI
generally requires each supplier and customer to set up a dedicated data link
between them.
·
Bar Codes
Bar
codes are vertical black and white lines of varying thickness printed on the
items which identifies the price, data of manufacture and other relevant
information. This system is called as
universal product code (UPC).
Bar
code reader is a special device designed to read bar coder printed on the
products like books, household products, containers, packed food etc. The bar code reader are photo electric
scanner that read these bar code, sends the data in the compute which in turn
sends the data to POS (point of sales) terminal about the price and other
relevant in formation and then customer gets the printed output in the form of
computerized receipt.
·
Electronic mail
E-Mail
(Electronic Mail)enables users to send and receive messages to other users
through Internet via computer anywhere in the world.
·
Internet
Internet
is the decentralized global network of millions of diverse computers and
computer networks, that connects government, academic and business
institutions.
·
World Wide Web
(WWW)
WWW
is the universe of information available via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). The WWW is an easy to use method for storing
and retrieving the information that resides on systems in the Internet.
·
Product data
exchange (PDE)
PDE
is the exchange of data (usually in the graphically form – like pictures,
drawings and CAD files) that is needed to describe a product. Data may be also character based (letters and
numbers) – like bills of material, manufacturing instructions, test results
etc.
·
Electronic forms
Electronic
forms is a technology that combine the familiarity of paper forms with the
power of storing information in digital form.
This facilitate storage of database, automatic information routing and
integration into other applications.
ADVANTAGES
OF E-COMMERCE
1. Increase sales and decrease costs of the goods.
2. Advertising on the Web can make a big/small firm’s
promotional message reach out to potential customers all over the world.
3. A firm can reach narrow market segments that are
widely scattered throughout the world.
4. Low cost medium disseminating information and
processing transactions.
5. Provides the buyers a wider range of choices than
traditional commerce.
6. Help protect against frauds and theft losses because
electronic payments can be easier to monitor than payments made by cheques.
7. Enables people to work from home and has an added
benefit of reduction in traffic and pollution caused by employee who have to
communicate to office.
DISADVANTAGES
OF E-COMMERCE
1. Things like food, jewelry, antiques etc. can never
turn to e-commerce because it is not possible to inspect them from remote locations.
2. Many firms have had trouble recruiting and retaining
employees with the technological, design, and business process skills needed to
create an effective electronic commerce presence.
3. Frauds are not completely eliminated in the e-commerce
transactions.
4. Cyber laws are not properly enacted and the existing
ones are not clearly defined.
TYPES
OF E-COMMERCE
Following
are the types of E-Commerce:
1. B2B (Business to Business)
2. B2C (Business to Customer)
3. C2C (Customer to Customer)
B2B
(BUSINESS TO BUSINESS)
B2B stands for Business-to-Business and
refers to Electronic Commerce between businesses rather than between a business
and a consumer.
Businesses
can often deal with hundreds or thousands of other businesses, either as
customers or suppliers. Carrying out
these transactions electronically gives obvious advantages over traditional
methods. It’s faster, cheaper and more
convenient.
B2C
(BUSINESS TO CUSTOMER)
By business to customer (B2C) e-commerce
we mean e-commerce involving an individual and a shop selling goods Electronic mails, virtual storefronts allow individual
consumers to browse for products and shop using credit cards. It is more like an extension of catalogue
shopping, through mail order and telephone ordering using credit cards for
making payments. This form of e-commerce
is Internet based, with unrestricted access to consumers. An example of an Indian store is flipkart.com.
C2C
(CUSTOMER TO CUSTOMER)
This type of e-commerce takes place on
the Internet, without any business as middleman.
You
put an announcement at any of the “Consumer Exchange” website that you are
selling, say second hand Laptops. Others
with similar interest then “bid” against each other for the object, so you get
a price you normally couldn’t dream of.
One
of the most – successful online auctioneers is e-bay (www.ebay.com) essentially a national classified
listings in USA
·
Steal
confidential documents not intended for them.
·
Execute commands
on the server host machine, allowing them to modify the system.
·
Gain information
about the Web server’s host machine that will allow them to break into the
system.
·
Launch
denial-of-service attacks, rendering the machine temporarily unusable.
Browser-side
risks, including:
·
Active content
that crashes the browser, damages the user’s system, breaches the user’s
privacy, or merely creates an annoyance.
·
The misuse of
personal information knowingly or unknowingly provided by the end-user.
Interception
of network data sent from browser to server or vice versa via network
eavesdropping. Eavesdroppers can operate
from any point on the pathway between browser and server including:
·
The network on
the browser’s side of the connection.
·
The network on
the server’s side of the connection (including intranets).
·
The end-user’s
Internet service provider (ISP).
·
The server’s ISP.
·
Either ISPs’
regional access provider.
It’s
important to realize that “secure” browsers and servers are only designed to
protect confidential information against network eavesdropping. Without system security on both browser and
server sides, confidential documents are vulnerable to interception.
GENERAL
SECURITY PRECAUTIONS
If
you are a Webmaster, system administrator, or are otherwise involved with the
administration of a network, the single most important step you can take to
increase your site’s security is to create a written security policy. This security policy should concisely lay out
your organization’s policies with regard to: who is allowed to use the system
what they are allowed to do (different groups may be granted different levels
of access) procedures for granting access to the system procedures for revoking
access (e.g. when an employee leaves) what constitutes acceptable use of the
system.remote and local login methods system monitoring procedures protocols
for responding to suspected security breaches.
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